GLP-1
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide) mimic a gut hormone that regulates blood sugar and appetite. Originally developed for type 2 diabetes, they have since demonstrated broad effects across cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic systems.
How to read this sphere
The percentage on each node is the confidence level that a particular benefit or side effect is actually real — higher means more high-quality studies back it up. Once confidence crosses ~80%, the effect is considered Pacified: generally accepted as true by the scientific community.
Position reflects confidence: nodes closer to the center have stronger evidence; nodes near the edge are still speculative. As more studies are published, nodes migrate inward — or disappear entirely if the evidence collapses.
GLP-1 is a relatively new drug, so its sphere is spread out with many nodes still in the outer layers — a lot of active research is still running. Older, well-studied drugs tend to have a denser, more compact core with little left in the outer rings.
All Sources
- SUSTAIN-6: Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes↗New England Journal of Medicine2016re: Glycemic Control
- STEP 1: Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity↗New England Journal of Medicine2021re: Weight Loss
- SURMOUNT-1: Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obesity↗New England Journal of Medicine2022re: Weight Loss
- SELECT: Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes↗New England Journal of Medicine2023re: Cardiovascular Protection
- FLOW: Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease↗New England Journal of Medicine2024re: Kidney Disease Protection
- Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity↗New England Journal of Medicine2024re: Sleep Apnea Reduction
- Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis↗New England Journal of Medicine2025re: Liver Health Improvement (MASH)
- STEP-HFpEF: Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction↗New England Journal of Medicine2023re: Heart Failure Improvement (HFpEF)
- STEP-HFpEF DM: Semaglutide in HFpEF and Type 2 Diabetes↗New England Journal of Medicine2024re: Heart Failure Improvement (HFpEF)
- Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial↗JAMA Psychiatry2025re: Addiction & Impulse Control
- Exenatide Once Weekly vs Placebo as Disease-Modifying Treatment for Parkinson's Disease↗Lancet2025re: Neuroprotection (Alzheimer's/Parkinson's)
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Pancreatitis Risk: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials↗Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice2014re: Pancreatitis Risk
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Risk of Gallbladder and Biliary Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis↗JAMA Internal Medicine2022re: Gallstones
- Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Body Composition: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis↗Metabolism2025re: Muscle Mass Loss
- Anti-inflammatory Effects of Semaglutide: Mediation Analysis of SUSTAIN and PIONEER Trials↗Cardiovascular Diabetology2022re: Inflammation Reduction
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis↗European Journal of Endocrinology2026re: PCOS Symptom Improvement
- Hair Loss Associated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use: A Systematic Review↗Cureus2025re: Hair Loss
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Thyroid Cancer: Is It Time to Be Concerned?↗Frontiers in Endocrinology2023re: Thyroid C-cell Tumor Risk
- Implications of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Accelerated Facial and Skin Aging↗Aesthetic Surgery Journal2024re: "Ozempic Face/Body"
- Semaglutide Reduces Alcohol Intake and Relapse-like Drinking in Male and Female Rats↗eBioMedicine2023re: Addiction & Impulse Control
- Comparative Dementia Risk with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists vs SGLT2 Inhibitors or DPP-4 Inhibitors↗Alzheimer's Research & Therapy2025re: Neuroprotection (Alzheimer's/Parkinson's)
- Real-World Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Gastric Outcomes: A Retrospective Study↗Journal of Clinical Medicine2024re: Gastroparesis
- Emerging Perspectives on the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Anti-Diabetic Drugs on Premenstrual Syndrome: A Narrative Review↗Diabetes Therapy2024re: PMDD Symptom Reduction
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use in Pregnancy: A Review↗American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology2025re: "Ozempic Babies"
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Suicidal Ideation: Real-World Cohort of 1.6M Patients↗Nature Medicine2024re: Suicidal Ideation Signal
- Semaglutide and Risk of Suicidal Ideations↗Nature Medicine2024re: Suicidal Ideation Signal
Last updated: 2026-04-21 · Data compiled from PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov, FDA, and EMA databases.